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harvest. Paninian grammar and Vaisheshika philosophy are
considered universally relevant; grammar is regarded as
decisive for words, while Vaisheshika is seen as decisive for
substances. Prashastapada's commentary on Kanad's Vaisesika
Sutra, called 'Padartha-dharma-sangha', is a crucial text in
Vaisheshika philosophy. Udayana's 'Kiranavali' and Sridhara's
'Nyayakandali' are notable commentaries on this work. Later,
the Nyaya school adopted the metaphysics of Vaisheshika,
while developing its epistemology, leading to the combined
philosophy known as Nyaya-Vaisheshika.
Gautama, also known as Gautama Muni or Akshapada, is
the founding figure of ancient Nyaya and the author of the
Nyaya Sutra. Judgment, in the context of Nyaya, entails the
rigorous examination of facts through evidence, constituting
the realms of logic and epistemology. It encompasses aspects
like logic, proof, causation, argumentation, and inquiry, all meaning union, refers to the profound merging of the soul
crucial components of critical examination. The literary with the Divine, a union so profound that it transcends duality
heritage of Nyaya Philosophy is extensive, and characterized and establishes oneness. Yoga embodies the state of
by profound and meticulous analyses. For nearly two millennia, transcendental wisdom beyond dualities-known as
spanning from the 4th century B.C. to the 17th century A.D., Jnanayoga; it encompasses selfless, desireless action-known
scholars continued to write treatises on Nyaya. Vatsyayana's as Karmayoga; and it entails the profound understanding of
the divine essence and immersion into divine devotion-known
commentary on Gautama's Nyaya Sutra draws from Udyotkar's as Bhakti yoga. A Yogi, rooted in Yoga, transcends duality,
Vartika, while Vachaspati Mishra's exposition on Vartika is remaining steadfast amidst worldly fluctuations such as
known as Tatparyatika. Udayana's Nyayakusumanjali and pleasure and pain, honor and dishonor. The path of
Atmatattvaviveka (critique of Buddhist beliefs) are esteemed meditation, known as Dhyanamarga, plays a pivotal role in
original texts within the Nyaya tradition. Jayant Bhatt's Nyaya- harmonizing these three facets-knowledge, action, and
Manjari also stands out as a significant and renowned work.
devotion. Meditation, being a mental practice, aligns with
The primary aim of Mimamsa has been to elucidate the action; Devotion finds expression through Upasana,
Vedic rituals. This effort began with the Brahmana texts and involving meditation or remembrance of the Divine; And
continued with the Shrauta Sutras. Mimamsa significantly the pinnacle of meditation is the revelation of unwavering
contributed to this task; however, if it had remained confined knowledge, attained as instincts merge into samadhi through
to explaining Vedic rituals, it would not have achieved a focused mental concentration.
significant place in Indian philosophy. Mimamsa has A thorough discussion of the Indian Philosophical System
commendably established Vedic rituals on a philosophical also includes Jain Philosophy and Buddhist philosophy also
basis. It considers salvation, rather than heaven, as the widely accepted not only in India but also abroad.
ultimate goal, and provides detailed discussions on Comprehensive schools of thought take us to 5000 years
metaphysics and epistemology. Maharishi Jaimini authored before CE and give us a glimpse that India was the cradle of
the Mimamsa Sutra, Mimamsa represents a pluralistic civilization and the intellectual journey started from the East,
objectivism, recognizing the inherent reality of both not the West. Indian philosophy is not merely a product of
inanimate matter and the diverse living beings, whether bound scholarly imagination but has practical relevance to everyday
or free. According to Mimamsa, this world neither comes life. Unlike in other countries where philosophy and dharma
into existence nor ceases to exist; it endures perpetually often lack a close relationship, in India, their connection is
amidst the ebb and flow of various objects and individuals. profound. Indian dharma is firmly grounded in spiritual truths
The term “Yoga” in the Gita encompasses a examined through philosophical inquiry. This harmony
comprehensive meaning, signifying the integration of between philosophy and dharma is as evident in India as it is
meditation, knowledge, action, and devotion. Yoga, literally rare elsewhere. 

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